滿屏的if-else,怎么消滅它們?
之前我曾經(jīng)在知乎寫過(guò)一篇回答,詳細(xì)介紹了if-else的效率問(wèn)題。
過(guò)多的if-else不僅導(dǎo)致程序運(yùn)行效率低下,而且導(dǎo)致代碼圈復(fù)雜度過(guò)高。如果大家有使用過(guò)靜態(tài)代碼分析工具,就會(huì)知道圈復(fù)雜度是衡量代碼質(zhì)量的一項(xiàng)重要的指標(biāo),圈復(fù)雜度越高,代碼出現(xiàn)bug的可能性也越大。
我們可能剛開(kāi)始寫的代碼很簡(jiǎn)潔,只有一個(gè)if-else分支,但由于需求的疊加和各種錯(cuò)誤處理,我們有時(shí)候不得已要多加幾個(gè)if-else,久而久之就發(fā)現(xiàn),滿屏的if-else,令你極其討厭自己寫的代碼。
至于如何消滅if-else,可謂八仙過(guò)海各顯神通,這里介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的方法:
巧用表結(jié)構(gòu):一般如果某些條件可存儲(chǔ),可以考慮把條件存起來(lái)用于去掉if-else,例如:
long long func() { const unsigned ARRAY_SIZE = 50000; int data[ARRAY_SIZE]; const unsigned DATA_STRIDE = 256; for (unsigned c = 0; c < ARRAY_SIZE; ++c) data[c] = std::rand() % DATA_STRIDE; long long sum = 0; for (unsigned c = 0; c < ARRAY_SIZE; ++c) { if (data[c] >= 128) sum += data[c]; } return sum;}
可以通過(guò)表結(jié)構(gòu)去掉代碼中的if分支
long long func() { const unsigned ARRAY_SIZE = 50000; int data[ARRAY_SIZE]; const unsigned DATA_STRIDE = 256; int lookup[DATA_STRIDE]; for (unsigned c = 0; c < DATA_STRIDE; ++c) { lookup[c] = (c >= 128) ? c : 0; } for (unsigned c = 0; c < ARRAY_SIZE; ++c) data[c] = std::rand() % DATA_STRIDE; long long sum = 0; for (unsigned c = 0; c < ARRAY_SIZE; ++c) { sum += lookup[data[c]]; } return sum;}
使用switch-case替換if-else:一般情況下switch-case比if-else效率高一些,而且邏輯也更清晰,例如:
void func() { if (a == 1) { ... } else if (a == 2) { ... } else if (a == 3) { ... } else if (a == 4) { ... } else { ... }}
try-catch替換:if-else很多情況下都用于錯(cuò)誤處理,如果我們使用try-catch處理錯(cuò)誤,是不是就可以消滅if-else了呢,拿數(shù)值運(yùn)算代碼舉例:
class Number {public: friend Number operator+ (const Number& x, const Number& y); friend Number operator- (const Number& x, const Number& y); friend Number operator* (const Number& x, const Number& y); friend Number operator/ (const Number& x, const Number& y); // ...};
最簡(jiǎn)單的可以這樣調(diào)用:
void f(Number x, Number y) { // ... Number sum = x + y; Number diff = x - y; Number prod = x * y; Number quot = x / y; // ...}
但是如果需要處理錯(cuò)誤,例如除0或者數(shù)值溢出等,函數(shù)得到的就是錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果,調(diào)用者需要做處理。
先看使用錯(cuò)誤碼的方式:
class Number {public: enum ReturnCode { Success, Overflow, Underflow, DivideByZero }; Number add(const Number& y, ReturnCode& rc) const; Number sub(const Number& y, ReturnCode& rc) const; Number mul(const Number& y, ReturnCode& rc) const; Number div(const Number& y, ReturnCode& rc) const; // ...}; int f(Number x, Number y){ // ... Number::ReturnCode rc; Number sum = x.add(y, rc); if (rc == Number::Overflow) { // ...code that handles overflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::Underflow) { // ...code that handles underflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::DivideByZero) { // ...code that handles divide-by-zero... return -1; } Number diff = x.sub(y, rc); if (rc == Number::Overflow) { // ...code that handles overflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::Underflow) { // ...code that handles underflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::DivideByZero) { // ...code that handles divide-by-zero... return -1; } Number prod = x.mul(y, rc); if (rc == Number::Overflow) { // ...code that handles overflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::Underflow) { // ...code that handles underflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::DivideByZero) { // ...code that handles divide-by-zero... return -1; } Number quot = x.div(y, rc); if (rc == Number::Overflow) { // ...code that handles overflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::Underflow) { // ...code that handles underflow... return -1; } else if (rc == Number::DivideByZero) { // ...code that handles divide-by-zero... return -1; } // ...}
再看使用異常處理的方式:
void f(Number x, Number y){ try { // ... Number sum = x + y; Number diff = x - y; Number prod = x * y; Number quot = x / y; // ... } catch (Number::Overflow& exception) { // ...code that handles overflow... } catch (Number::Underflow& exception) { // ...code that handles underflow... } catch (Number::DivideByZero& exception) { // ...code that handles divide-by-zero... }
如果有更多的運(yùn)算,或者有更多的錯(cuò)誤碼,異常處理的優(yōu)勢(shì)會(huì)更明顯。
提前return:對(duì)于某些錯(cuò)誤處理可以考慮提前return,直接看代碼:
void func(A *a) { if (a) { ... } else { log_error(...); return; }}
適當(dāng)情況下通過(guò)反轉(zhuǎn)if條件就可以刪除掉else分支。
合并分支表達(dá)式:有些情況下可以通過(guò)合并表達(dá)式來(lái)消除if-else,例如:
void func() { if (a < 20) return; if (b > 30) return; if (c < 18) return;}
可以改為
void func() { if (a < 20 || b > 30 || c < 18) return;}
策略模式:熟悉設(shè)計(jì)模式的同學(xué)可能都知道,一般代碼中if-else過(guò)多,那就可以考慮使用策略模式啦,例如:
enum class CalOperation { add, sub}; int NoStragegy(CalOperation ope) { if (ope == CalOperation::add) { std::cout << "this is add operation" << std::endl; } else if (ope == CalOperation::sub) { std::cout << "this is sub operation" << std::endl; } // 如何將來(lái)需要增加乘法或者除法或者其它運(yùn)算,還需要增加if-else return 0;}
這種if-else可以通過(guò)策略模式進(jìn)行消除:
class Calculation { public: Calculation() {} virtual ~Calculation() {} virtual void operation() { std::cout << "base operation" << std::endl; }}; class Add : public Calculation { void operation() override { std::cout << "this is add operation" << std::endl; }}; class Sub : public Calculation { void operation() override { std::cout << "this is sub operation" << std::endl; }}; int Stragegy() { Calculation *cal = new Add(); cal->operation(); delete cal; Calculation *cal2 = new Sub(); // 這里將來(lái)都可以用工廠模式改掉,不會(huì)違反開(kāi)放封閉原則 cal2->operation(); delete cal2; return 0;}
將來(lái)如果有乘法除法和其它運(yùn)算規(guī)則,只需要再加一個(gè)繼承基類的子類即可。方便擴(kuò)展,且遵循設(shè)計(jì)原則。
職責(zé)鏈模式:職責(zé)鏈模式盡管不能消滅if-else,但它可以用于改良if-else,使其更靈活,例如:
using std::cout; void func(int num) { if (num >= 0 && num <= 10) { cout << "0-10 \n"; } else if (num > 10 && num <= 20) { cout << "10-20 \n"; } else if (num > 20 && num <= 30) { cout << "20-30 \n"; } else if (num > 30 && num <= 40) { cout << "30-40 \n"; } else if (num > 40 && num <= 50) { cout << "40-50 \n"; } else if (num > 50 && num <= 60) { cout << "50-60 \n"; } else { cout << "not handle \n"; }} int main() { func(25); func(43); return 0;} 可以考慮改為下面的形式:
using std::cout; struct Handle { virtual void process(int num) {}}; struct Handle1 : public Handle { Handle1(Handle *processor) : processor_(processor) {} void process(int num) override { if (num >= 0 && num <= 10) { cout << "0-10 \n"; } else { processor_->process(num); } } Handle *processor_;}; struct Handle2 : public Handle { Handle2(Handle *processor) : processor_(processor) {} void process(int num) override { if (num >= 10 && num <= 20) { cout << "10-20 \n"; } else { processor_->process(num); } } Handle *processor_;}; struct Handle3 : public Handle { Handle3(Handle *processor) : processor_(processor) {} void process(int num) override { if (num >= 20 && num <= 30) { cout << "20-30 \n"; } else { cout << "not handle \n"; } } Handle *processor_;}; int main() { Handle *handle3 = new Handle3(nullptr); Handle *handle2 = new Handle2(handle3); Handle *handle1 = new Handle2(handle2); handle1->process(24); handle1->process(54); return 0;}
三目運(yùn)算符:某些簡(jiǎn)單情況下可以使用三目運(yùn)算符消滅if-else,例如:
int func(int num) { if (num > 20) return 1; else return 0;}
可以改為:
int func(int num) { return num > 20 ? 1 : 0;}
這樣是不是代碼也更清晰了一些。
else-if消除:有時(shí)候有些人寫的代碼確實(shí)就是這樣,例如:
int func(int num) { int ret = 0; if (num == 1) { ret = 3; } else if (num == 2) { ret = 5; } else { ret = 6; } return ret;}
是不是可以考慮改為:
int func(int num) { if (num == 1) return 3; if (num == 2) return 5; return 6;}
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